2021

Introduction A geographical indicator (GI) is a name or symbol that appears on items and refers to a specific geographic place of origin (e.g., a town, region, or country). The use of a geographical indicator as a source indication functions as a certification that the product has specific attributes is created using traditional techniques or has a high reputation because of its geographical origin. Geographic indications are defined as "indications that identify a good as originating in the territory of a Member [of the World Trade Organization], or a region or locality within that territory, where a given quality, reputation, or another characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin," according to Article 22.1 of the TRIPS Agreement. Since at least the end of the 19th century, governments have protected trade names and trademarks of food products associated with a specific region by enacting laws against false trade descriptions or passing...

    IOT & SMART CITY The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects—"things"—embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies to connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the internet. These devices range in complexity from common household items to sophisticated industrial instruments. Experts predict that by 2020, there will be more than 10 billion connected IoT devices, and by 2025, there will be 22 billion. IoT has emerged as one of the most important technologies of the twenty-first century in recent years. Now that we can connect everyday objects to the internet via embedded devices, including as kitchen appliances, vehicles, thermostats, and baby monitors, seamless communication between people, processes, and things is conceivable. Physical things can share and collect data with minimal human interaction thanks to low-cost computers, the cloud, big data, analytics, and mobile technologies. Digital systems can record, monito...